This is not a complete list. I would appreciate any recommendations of particularly teachable works of literature that would fit within a unit on 19th century madness, particularly works of American fiction.
Alcott, Louisa May Work: A Story of Experience 1873 includes a family who finds out insanity is in their genes and their individual responses
Bronte, Charlotte Jane Eyre 1847
Browning, Robert “Porphyria’s Lover†1836
Carroll, Lewis Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 1862
Chopin, Kate The Awakening 1899
Conrad, Joseph Heart of Darkness 1899
Dickens, Charles The Pickwick Papers 1836-7
Dickinson, Emily “Much madness is divinest sense†1862?
Dostoevsky, Fyodor Crime and Punishment 1866
Dostoevsky, Fyodor The Double 1846
Flaubert, Gustave Memoirs of a Madman 1838
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins “The Yellow Wall-paper” 1892
Gogol, Nikolai “Diary of a Madman†1835 diary entries follow the narrator into insanity
Hawthorne, Nathaniel “Young Goodman Brown†1835
Kesey, Ken One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 1962
Melville, Herman Moby Dick 1851
Poe, Edgar Allan “The Cask of Amontillado†1846
Poe, Edgar Allan “The Fall of the House of Usher†1839
Poe, Edgar Allan “The Tell Tale Heart†1843
Scott, Sir Walter The Bride of Lammermoor, the story of a woman who goes mad when her man betrays her, 1819
Stevenson, Robert Louis Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 1886
Whitman, Walt “Bervance†a man considers consigning his son to a lunatic asylum because of homosexuality 1841
Wilde, Oscar The Picture of Dorian Gray 1890